Best Peptides for Sleep

Educational content only — not medical advice. Consult a licensed healthcare provider before starting, changing, or stopping any peptide protocol.

Overview

Sleep peptides are usually pitched as a different approach than melatonin, Z-drugs (Ambien, Lunesta), or benzodiazepines: instead of sedating the central nervous system into unconsciousness, they are said to modulate sleep architecture — the structure of slow-wave sleep (SWS), REM cycles, and the hormonal cascades that track deep sleep.

That framing is mechanistically reasonable but it is not equally supported across compounds. Two things are genuinely well documented in the human literature. First, slow-wave sleep and growth hormone secretion move together: there is a linear relationship between the amount of SW sleep and concomitant GH secretion, and during ageing SW sleep and GH secretion decline exponentially with the same chronology (PMID 10984255). Second, that decline is steep — in 149 healthy men, deep slow-wave sleep fell from about 18.9% of the night in early adulthood (16–25 years) to about 3.4% by midlife (PMID 10938176).

What is not well documented is that the peptides sold for sleep reliably improve it in humans. As the sections below show, one of the most-discussed sleep peptides (DSIP) has a human trial record that is small, old, and mixed; another (Pinealon) has no published human sleep trial at all; and at least one growth hormone secretagogue has been shown to decrease slow-wave sleep rather than increase it. This hub tries to say which is which.

This hub covers the main categories of sleep peptides, what the published evidence does and does not show, what peptides can't fix, and how to track outcomes with consumer wearables like Oura, Whoop, and Apple Watch. If you are new to peptides generally, Peptide 101: what are peptides? and the beginner library come before any of it.

Key target use cases:

• Difficulty falling asleep (sleep latency)
• Frequent awakenings (sleep fragmentation)
• Light sleep / insufficient deep sleep
• Circadian disruption (shift work, jet lag, aging)
• Racing-mind insomnia
• Wanting to optimize sleep quality, not just quantity

The Sleep Peptide Categories

Sleep peptides fall into three mechanistic categories. Most users combine peptides from different categories rather than stacking within one.

Each category is aimed at a different failure mode. If you wake up unrefreshed despite eight hours in bed, the GH-axis compounds are the ones with a plausible mechanism. If you cannot fall asleep because your mind will not shut off, DSIP is the one people reach for. If your sleep-wake cycle is misaligned (shift work, long-haul travel, aging), circadian regulators are the category — with the caveat that the evidence there is the thinnest of the three.

DSIP — The Delta Sleep Peptide

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) is a nine-amino-acid peptide (Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu) that was isolated from rabbits and named for what it did in that species: intraventricular infusion of the synthetic peptide produced significant, specific enhancement of delta and spindle EEG patterns in a double-blind rabbit study (PMID 265572). A later review confirms the origin story — isolated from rabbit cerebral venous blood by the Schoenenberger–Monnier group in Basel in 1977 — and then says something the marketing copy usually leaves out: the link between DSIP and sleep "has never been further characterized," no DSIP gene, protein, or receptor has been isolated, and the sleep-factor hypothesis is "extremely poorly documented and still weak" (PMID 16539679).

What the Human Trials Actually Found

The human record is small and split.

• An early Lancet report from the group that discovered the peptide concluded that synthetic DSIP improves sleep in insomniacs (PMID 6112579).
• An independent double-blind, matched-pairs study in 16 chronic insomniac patients found higher sleep efficiency and shorter sleep latency on intravenous DSIP than on placebo — but the authors judged those effects "weak," noted they could in part reflect an incidental change in the placebo group, saw no change in subjective sleep quality, and concluded that short-term DSIP treatment of chronic insomnia "is not likely to be of major therapeutic benefit" (PMID 1299794).

That is the honest state of the evidence: a positive early signal from the discovering lab, a cautious null-leaning result from an independent one, and nothing large or modern since.

What Cannot Be Said

Claims that DSIP is proven to preserve REM, or that it has an established absence of tolerance, dependence, or withdrawal, are not supported by published human data — the trials were too small and too short to establish any of that. The accurate statement is that dependence has not been reported in the small literature that exists, which is a much weaker claim than "does not cause dependence."

Typical Use Pattern

DSIP is used subcutaneously, shortly before bed, either nightly or as needed. No microgram figures appear here on purpose: there is no modern human dose-response study for subcutaneous DSIP, and the trial cited above dosed it intravenously on a weight basis in a laboratory setting, which is not what anyone is doing at home. The amounts people actually use, and what they are extrapolated from, belong in the protocol guide, where they can be shown with their sourcing.

Full protocol: DSIP Protocol Guide. Its regulatory position — the FDA advisory committee rejected it on 2026-07-24 — sits on our tracker as emideltide (DSIP).

Pinealon — Circadian Reset, With a Large Evidence Gap

Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) from the Khavinson Russian bioregulator tradition, marketed for pineal function and the melatonin axis.

What the Published Research Shows

The published Pinealon work is cell-culture work, not sleep work. In cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and PC12 cells, pinealon restricted reactive oxygen species accumulation in a dose-dependent way and decreased necrotic cell death (PMID 21978084). That is an antioxidant and cell-viability finding in vitro. A PubMed search returns no published human trial of Pinealon for sleep, melatonin output, or circadian phase. Any claim that Pinealon raises your melatonin or resets your circadian rhythm is, at present, an extrapolation from adjacent compounds and user report — not a finding.

The adjacent compounds have a little more behind them. A Russian-language report on pineal gland peptide preparations — Epithalamin and the synthetic tetrapeptide Epitalon — describes recovery of night-time endogenous melatonin release and normalization of the plasma melatonin circadian rhythm in old monkeys and in elderly people with pineal insufficiency (PMID 17969590). That paper is from the research tradition that developed the compounds, published in a specialist gerontology journal, and has not been replicated by an independent Western group. Treat it as suggestive, not settled. Epitalon's own dated FDA row sits on our tracker as Epitalon.

Typical Use Pattern

The Khavinson tradition uses short "bioregulator courses" a couple of times a year rather than continuous daily dosing. No milligram or microgram figures appear here because the course amounts circulating in the community do not trace to a published human protocol for this compound. Dosing decisions belong with a clinician and with the protocol guide, not a hub page.

Full protocol: Pinealon Protocol Guide. For the adjacent tetrapeptide, see the Epithalon Protocol.

GH Peptides Pre-Bed — What Is and Isn't Established

This is the most popular sleep-optimization pattern in the peptide community. The underlying physiology is solid. The claim that any specific product delivers it is much weaker.

The Mechanism Is Well Documented

In healthy young men, a sleep-onset-associated pulse is generally the major — sometimes the only — daily episode of active GH secretion, there is a linear relationship between the amount of SW sleep and concomitant GH secretion, and both decline exponentially with age on the same schedule (PMID 10984255). The age curve is quantified in a 149-man dataset: deep SWS fell from ~18.9% of the night at 16–25 years to ~3.4% by midlife, with a parallel fall in GH (PMID 10938176).

GHRH Deepens Sleep — When It Is Pulsed

In healthy volunteers, 200 µg of GHRH given intravenously as four 50 µg boluses across the evening significantly increased stage 4 SWS and REM sleep and reduced wakefulness and stage 1, compared with placebo. The same total dose given as a continuous infusion produced no significant sleep effect (PMID 8772566). This is the strongest direct support for the "GHRH analog before bed deepens sleep" idea — and it also shows the effect depends on pulsatile delivery, which is exactly the argument for short-acting GHRH analogs over long-acting ones.

Not All GH Secretagogues Deepen Sleep — One Clearly Does the Opposite

This is the part the community version of the story usually drops. In seven healthy volunteers, repeated evening doses of the synthetic GH secretagogue hexarelin significantly decreased stage 4 sleep in the first half of the night and decreased EEG delta power across the whole night, while raising GH, prolactin, ACTH, and cortisol. The authors attribute the impaired sleep to a shifted GHRH/CRH balance in favor of CRH (PMID 15177700). The same paper notes that ghrelin promotes slow-wave sleep in humans whereas GHRP-6 enhances stage 2 NREM — three secretagogues, three different sleep signatures.

So "GH peptides deepen deep sleep" is not a class effect. It is compound-specific, and raising GH is not sufficient — a compound that also drives ACTH and cortisol can raise GH and worsen sleep at the same time.

The Oral Comparator Has the Cleanest Sleep Data

The best-documented sleep result in this family is for the oral secretagogue MK-677. The two cohorts in that study were not designed the same way, and the difference matters. Eight young subjects (18–30) were studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-period crossover, in which high-dose MK-677 at bedtime produced roughly a 50% increase in stage IV duration and more than a 20% increase in REM sleep versus placebo. Six older adults (65–71) were given two sequential treatment periods — a low dose then a high dose — with no placebo arm, and it was in that uncontrolled arm that a nearly 50% increase in REM sleep and a shortened REM latency were reported (PMID 9349662). So the placebo-controlled result is the young-cohort one; the older-adult numbers are an uncontrolled before-and-after in six people. Even the controlled arm is eight subjects. MK-677 also has the trade-offs described in its protocol guide: appetite increase, water retention, and a long duration of action. Its FDA position is tracked, with dates, as MK-677.

About the "Standard Pre-Bed Stack"

CJC-1295 (no DAC) with ipamorelin before bed is the most widely used sleep-enhancing peptide protocol in practice. There is no published human trial of that combination with polysomnographic sleep endpoints. Its rationale is inference from the GHRH work above plus the fact that ipamorelin is a selective secretagogue that, unlike hexarelin, is not reported to drive ACTH and cortisol. That inference may well be right. It is still inference, so no dosing table appears here — the amounts, timing, and fasting rationale belong in the protocol guides, which carry their own references.

Sermorelin is a GHRH analog available in the US by prescription through some compounding pharmacies, which puts it in a different regulatory position than the research-chemical compounds on this page.

Full protocols:

• Sermorelin Protocol
• Ipamorelin Protocol
• CJC-1295 Protocol
• GH Secretagogue Protocol Guide
• MK-677 Protocol

Sleep Architecture 101

Most people think of sleep as a single state. It isn't. A normal night cycles through distinct stages, and where you spend time matters as much as total hours.

The Stages

• Stage 1 (NREM-1): Light, transitional sleep — a small fraction of the night
• Stage 2 (NREM-2): Deeper light sleep with sleep spindles — the largest share of the night
• Stage 3/4 (NREM-3, Slow-Wave Sleep): Deepest sleep, delta waves — the share that collapses with age, from ~18.9% of the night at 16–25 to ~3.4% by midlife in healthy men (PMID 10938176)
• REM: Dream sleep, associated with emotional and procedural memory consolidation

Why Slow-Wave Sleep Matters

SWS is when the largest GH pulse of the day occurs in healthy men, and the amount of SWS tracks the amount of GH released linearly (PMID 10984255).

The "brain washing" argument for sleep is real but is animal work, and worth stating precisely: in live mice, natural sleep or anesthesia was associated with a 60% increase in interstitial space and a consequent increase in convective exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with interstitial fluid, which increased the rate of β-amyloid clearance (PMID 24136970). That is a mouse finding. It is the origin of every "glymphatic clearance" claim you have read, and it has not been demonstrated in humans with the same directness.

The Architecture Argument for Peptides

The honest version of this argument is narrower than the one usually made. Pharmacological stimulation of SW sleep does increase GH release, which is why compounds that increase SW sleep have been described as a potential new class of GH secretagogue (PMID 10984255). And pulsed GHRH does increase stage 4 and REM against placebo (PMID 8772566).

What does not hold up is the blanket claim that peptides preserve architecture while all pharmaceuticals wreck it. In one randomized, double-blind, within-subject comparison, 5 mg zolpidem decreased stage 1 in older adults and "did not alter other age-related sleep architecture parameters" (PMID 24980066) — not the architecture collapse the peptide-versus-pharma pitch describes. Meanwhile a peptide secretagogue, hexarelin, measurably reduced stage 4 and delta power (PMID 15177700). Judge compounds individually, not by category.

Sample Sleep Protocols

Start at the foundation. Add tiers only if the foundation is solid and you are still under-sleeping or under-recovering.

Doses are deliberately absent from this table. Each tier links to a protocol guide that shows amounts alongside where they came from: GH Secretagogue Protocol Guide, DSIP Protocol Guide, Pinealon Protocol Guide, Epithalon Protocol.

Most people who think they need Tier 2 actually need to fix Tier 1 fundamentals first — caffeine timing, alcohol, screen exposure, bedroom temperature.

What Peptides Won't Fix

Peptides amplify good inputs. They do not compensate for broken fundamentals. The following are not peptide problems.

Sleep Apnea

If you snore, wake gasping, have a thick neck, or experience excessive daytime sleepiness despite "enough" sleep — get a sleep study. Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, and no peptide treats it.

One nuance worth stating because it is routinely overstated in both directions: in SAVE, a 2,717-patient randomized trial in adults with moderate-to-severe OSA and established cardiovascular disease, CPAP plus usual care did not prevent cardiovascular events over a mean 3.7 years (hazard ratio 1.10, 95% CI 0.91–1.32), though it did significantly reduce snoring and daytime sleepiness and improve quality of life and mood; mean adherence was 3.3 hours per night (PMID 27571048). So the case for treating apnea rests strongly on symptoms, sleepiness, and quality of life. Either way, that is a conversation with a sleep physician, not a peptide decision.

Late Caffeine

In a controlled study, a 400 mg dose of caffeine produced significant sleep disturbance relative to placebo whether it was taken at bedtime, 3 hours before bedtime, or 6 hours before bedtime — and the authors concluded the 6-hour result gives empirical support for refraining from substantial caffeine for at least 6 hours before bed (PMID 24235903). No peptide overrides adenosine receptor antagonism. If you go to bed at 10 p.m., that study points at a 4 p.m. cutoff at the latest, and earlier is safer.

Alcohol

The polysomnographic picture is dose-dependent and more specific than "alcohol ruins sleep." In healthy volunteers, alcohol to a blood alcohol level of 0.03% produced no clear objective or subjective sleep effects. At 0.10% BAL it behaved like a short-acting hypnotic in the first half of the night — shorter sleep latency, fewer wake periods, less stage 1, more SWS — while reducing REM density early, with rebound light sleep already appearing in the second half of the same night (PMID 16930215). The authors flag the small sample. The practical read: a drink or two close to bed buys early sedation and pays it back later in the night, and no peptide compensates for that.

Shift Work

Rotating shifts produce chronic circadian misalignment that peptides can at best support around the edges. There is no human trial of any peptide on the page for shift-work sleep disorder. The schedule is the problem.

Blue Light Exposure

Bright light in the hour before bed suppresses melatonin onset. Dim ambient lighting, blue-blocking glasses, or simply not looking at screens are upstream fixes that peptides do not replace.

Bedroom Environment

Too warm, too bright, too loud — peptides do not fix environmental sleep disruptors.

Rule of thumb: If sleep hygiene is broken, fix it first. Peptides are an amplifier, not a substitute.

Peptides vs Pharmaceutical Sleep Aids

Caveat that matters more than the table: pharmaceutical sleep aids have decades of post-marketing safety data. Most sleep peptides have none. Fewer reported side effects in a literature of seven-person studies is not the same as a better safety profile.

Wearable Tracking Integration

The fastest way to know whether a sleep peptide is doing anything is to track objective metrics rather than relying on "I think I slept better."

Track on Oura, Whoop, Apple Watch, or Eight Sleep

Read Wearable Stage Data Skeptically

A multicenter validation study compared 11 consumer sleep trackers — including Oura Ring 3, Apple Watch 8, Fitbit Sense 2, Galaxy Watch 5, and Google Pixel Watch — against in-lab polysomnography across roughly 349,000 scored epochs in 75 participants. Epoch-by-epoch sleep-stage agreement varied widely between devices, with macro F1 scores ranging from 0.69 at the top to 0.26 at the bottom, and performance differed by stage and by device type (PMID 37917155). One disclosure that belongs with that result: several of the study's authors are affiliated with Asleep Co., and hold stock or stock options in it — Asleep produces SleepRoutine, one of the trackers evaluated. The paper discloses this, and the top-performing device on some stages was theirs. Practical consequence: your ring's "deep sleep" number is not a measurement of slow-wave sleep in the polysomnographic sense. Use it for within-device trends, keep the same device throughout, and do not compare your absolute minutes to anyone else's.

Baseline Protocol

1. Track 7–14 nights before starting any peptide
2. Note caffeine intake, alcohol, exercise timing, room temperature
3. Establish your personal baseline for each metric
4. Add one peptide — only one — and track for several weeks
5. Compare medians, not single-night swings

A single bad night means nothing. A sustained shift in the median, on a device you have not changed, is the weakest signal worth acting on.

Bloodwork

Sleep peptides are lower-monitoring than hormonal protocols, but a few markers matter — particularly if you are using anything that raises GH.

Recommended Baseline + Recheck

Important: if you are running GH secretagogues, IGF-1 monitoring is not optional. Note also that a compound can raise GH while worsening sleep — hexarelin raised GH and reduced delta power in the same study (PMID 15177700) — so IGF-1 moving is not evidence that your sleep is improving. Track both.

See the Bloodwork Checklist for a complete monitoring framework, and the safety library for the side-effect and monitoring guides behind it.

Sleep Hygiene Foundation

Peptides amplify good sleep hygiene. They do not substitute for it.

The Non-Negotiables

• Consistent schedule — same bed and wake time, including weekends
• Dark room — blackout curtains; cover or remove LED sources
• Cool room — most adults sleep better on the cool side
• No screens before bed — or use blue-blocking glasses and warm colour modes
• Caffeine cutoff — at least 6 hours before bed, on the evidence above (PMID 24235903)
• Alcohol — the sedation is front-loaded and the rebound arrives in the same night (PMID 16930215)
• Last meal well before bed — especially for GH secretagogue users, where a fasted window is part of the rationale
• Morning outdoor light — the cheapest circadian intervention available
• Wind-down ritual — low-stimulation activity before bed

The Optional Supplement Layer

Magnesium glycinate or threonate, L-theanine, apigenin, and glycine are the supplements most often stacked with sleep peptides. Amounts are left to the linked guides and to your clinician rather than listed here, because the ranges that circulate in the community are not tied to a specific trial and this hub is not a dosing page. Low-dose melatonin is best understood as a timing signal rather than a sedative — useful when the problem is circadian phase, not sleep drive.

Cycling Strategy

Sleep peptide cycling is generally more relaxed than performance or recomposition protocols, but the rationale differs by category — and none of the schedules circulating in the community come from a published human trial, which is why no week counts appear below.

DSIP

Continuous use has not been associated with tolerance in the small literature that exists, but that literature is short-term only. Periodic breaks are worth taking for a reason that has nothing to do with tolerance: if you never stop, you cannot tell whether it is still doing anything.

GH Secretagogues (CJC, Ipamorelin, Sermorelin)

Recheck IGF-1 periodically and plan deliberate off periods. Receptor downregulation in this class is debated rather than demonstrated; the stronger argument for cycling is the evaluation window.

Pineal Peptides (Pinealon, Epithalon)

The Khavinson tradition uses short courses once or twice a year rather than continuous dosing. This is a tradition, not a validated schedule — see Epithalon Protocol for the longevity context and Pinealon Protocol Guide for what is and is not known.

The general principle: cycling is less about tolerance than about creating intentional evaluation windows. If you cannot remember what your baseline felt like, you cannot judge whether a compound is helping.

Frequently Asked Questions: Sleep Peptides

Which sleep peptide should I start with? If the goal is deeper sleep, the GHRH-analog route has the most direct supporting evidence, since pulsed GHRH increased stage 4 and REM against placebo in healthy volunteers. If the problem is falling asleep or a racing mind, DSIP is what people reach for, with the caveat that its human trial record is small and mixed. Do not start both at once — you will not be able to attribute any change.

Can I take DSIP and GH peptides together? People do, on the theory that they act through different systems. There is no published human study of that combination, so the honest answer is that nobody has tested it. If you try it, add one compound at a time so you can tell which one did what.

Will sleep peptides make me groggy in the morning? Next-day grogginess is not a commonly reported feature of these compounds, which is the usual argument for them over sedative hypnotics. That said, the studies behind them are small and short, so absence of reports is weaker evidence than it sounds. If you feel groggy, reassess the compound and the timing with your clinician.

How long until I see results on a wearable? Treat any single night as noise. Because consumer trackers agree with polysomnography only moderately and inconsistently on sleep staging, you need weeks of data on one unchanged device before a median shift means anything. Sleep-latency changes tend to show up sooner than stage changes because latency is the metric wearables estimate most reliably.

Can I stop my prescription sleep medication? Never stop benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, or trazodone abruptly. Withdrawal can be dangerous, particularly with benzodiazepines. Any change belongs with the prescriber, and sleep peptides are not a substitute for a supervised taper.

Is DSIP addictive? No dependence or withdrawal has been reported in the available literature, and DSIP is not thought to act on GABA or opioid pathways. But the human literature consists of a handful of small short-term studies, so this is an absence of reports rather than a demonstration of safety.

Do GH peptides cause water retention or carpal tunnel? Fluid retention and carpal-tunnel-type symptoms are recognized effects of growth hormone excess and are described with GH secretagogues at higher exposures. Watch for puffiness, numbness, and blood pressure changes, and monitor IGF-1 rather than relying on how you feel.

Can I use sleep peptides with melatonin? Generally yes. Melatonin is best understood as a chronobiotic timing signal rather than a sedative, so it addresses a different failure mode than either DSIP or the GH-axis compounds. More is not better with melatonin; if timing is not your problem, it is unlikely to help.

What about MK-677 for sleep? MK-677 has the cleanest published sleep data in this family, with a caveat about how it was collected. The placebo-controlled part is the young cohort: in eight subjects aged 18 to 30, studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled three-period crossover, high-dose MK-677 at bedtime produced roughly a 50% increase in stage IV duration and more than a 20% increase in REM sleep versus placebo (PMID 9349662). The frequently quoted older-adult result — a nearly 50% increase in REM in six adults aged 65 to 71 — came from two sequential dosing periods with no placebo arm, so it is an uncontrolled before-and-after. The trade-offs are significant appetite increase, water retention, and a long duration of action. See MK-677 Protocol.

Are sleep peptides safe long-term? Long-term safety data does not exist for any of these compounds. DSIP and the pineal peptides have a decades-old Russian and European research record built on small studies; the injectable GH secretagogues have a shorter one. Monitor bloodwork, take deliberate breaks, and reassess with a clinician rather than assuming that years of uneventful use by strangers online constitutes safety data.

Featured Protocols on Peptides.NYC

Full protocol guides for each sleep peptide covered above:

• DSIP Protocol Guide — Delta sleep-inducing peptide, dosing, HPA modulation
• Pinealon Protocol Guide — Khavinson pineal bioregulator, circadian reset
• Sermorelin Protocol — Prescription GHRH, pre-bed sleep deepener
• Ipamorelin Protocol — Selective GHRP, pre-bed sleep stack
• CJC-1295 Protocol — GHRH analog, pairs with Ipamorelin
• GH Secretagogue Protocol Guide — Full GH peptide framework
• Hexarelin Protocol — The secretagogue that reduced delta power in a controlled study
• Epithalon Protocol — Long-game circadian and telomerase support
• MK-677 Protocol — Oral alternative with the strongest published sleep data

Related Hubs and Guides

• GH Peptide Stacking Guide
• Bloodwork Checklist
• Peptide Cycling Strategies
• Peptide Safety Guide
• Beginner's Stack Guide
• Cognitive Peptide Hub — Semax, Selank, and the nootropic peptides
• Longevity Peptide Hub — Epitalon, MOTS-c, and the bioregulators
• Muscle & Performance Peptide Hub — GH secretagogues for body composition
• Hormone Optimization Hub — The endocrine context for GH-axis compounds

Disclaimer: This content is for educational purposes only and is not medical advice. The peptides discussed are research compounds and none of them is FDA-approved for treating insomnia or any other sleep disorder. Sermorelin is available by prescription in the US through compounding pharmacies. Sleep disorders — particularly suspected sleep apnea — require professional medical evaluation. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before starting any peptide protocol, and never discontinue prescribed sleep medications without medical supervision.

Selected References

Every PMID linked above points to the PubMed record for that paper, so you can check the claim against the abstract yourself. These are the primary sources this hub relies on.

1. Schoenenberger GA, Monnier M. Characterization of a delta-electroencephalogram (-sleep)-inducing peptide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1977. PMID 265572 · doi:10.1073/pnas.74.3.1282
2. Kovalzon VM, Strekalova TV. Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2006. PMID 16539679 · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03693.x
3. Schneider-Helmert D, Graf M, Schoenenberger GA. Synthetic delta-sleep-inducing peptide improves sleep in insomniacs. Lancet. 1981. PMID 6112579 · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92417-x
4. Bes F, Hofman W, Schuur J, Van Boxtel C. Effects of delta sleep-inducing peptide on sleep of chronic insomniac patients. A double-blind study. Neuropsychobiology. 1992. PMID 1299794 · doi:10.1159/000118919
5. Van Cauter E, Copinschi G. Interrelationships between growth hormone and sleep. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 2000. PMID 10984255 · doi:10.1016/s1096-6374(00)80011-8
6. Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Plat L. Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men. JAMA. 2000. PMID 10938176 · doi:10.1001/jama.284.7.861
7. Marshall L, Mölle M, Böschen G, et al. Greater efficacy of episodic than continuous growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) administration in promoting slow-wave sleep (SWS). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996. PMID 8772566 · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.3.8772566
8. Frieboes RM, Antonijevic IA, Held K, et al. Hexarelin decreases slow-wave sleep and stimulates the secretion of GH, ACTH, cortisol and prolactin during sleep in healthy volunteers. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004. PMID 15177700 · doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00152-5
9. Copinschi G, Leproult R, Van Onderbergen A, et al. Prolonged oral treatment with MK-677, a novel growth hormone secretagogue, improves sleep quality in man. Neuroendocrinology. 1997. PMID 9349662 · doi:10.1159/000127249
10. Khavinson V, Ribakova Y, Kulebiakin K, et al. Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes. Rejuvenation Research. 2011. PMID 21978084 · doi:10.1089/rej.2011.1172
11. Korkushko OV, Lapin BA, Goncharova ND, et al. Normalizing effect of the pineal gland peptides on the daily melatonin rhythm in old monkeys and elderly people. Advances in Gerontology. 2007. PMID 17969590
12. Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science. 2013. PMID 24136970 · doi:10.1126/science.1241224
13. Drake C, Roehrs T, Shambroom J, Roth T. Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2013. PMID 24235903 · doi:10.5664/jcsm.3170
14. Feige B, Gann H, Brueck R, et al. Effects of alcohol on polysomnographically recorded sleep in healthy subjects. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2006. PMID 16930215 · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00184.x
15. Chinoy ED, Frey DJ, Kaslovsky DN, et al. Age-related changes in slow wave activity rise time and NREM sleep EEG with and without zolpidem in healthy young and older adults. Sleep Medicine. 2014. PMID 24980066 · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.05.007
16. Lee T, Cho Y, Cha KS, et al. Accuracy of 11 wearable, nearable, and airable consumer sleep trackers: prospective multicenter validation study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2023. PMID 37917155 · doi:10.2196/50983
17. McEvoy RD, Antic NA, Heeley E, et al. CPAP for prevention of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016. PMID 27571048 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1606599

Inclusion here is not endorsement, and several of these papers are cited precisely because they are negative or cautionary. Nothing on this page is medical advice.

Source: https://peptides.nyc/learn/goal/sleep